Ingress Protection, or IP ratings grade how resistant a device is to liquids and dust. For outdoor devices such as heaters, these ratings are particularly important since they can help to determine not only where you can safely position these devices, but also how durable they are.
IP ratings are made up of the IP prefix, and two numbers. The first number rated from 0-6, demonstrates how resistant the device is to small solid debris like dust. A score of 0 means there is no protection at all, while a score of 6 indicates there is no ingress of dust at all. The second number, scored from 0-9, rates the protection from liquids. At the top end, the device can withstand high-pressure, hot water from different angles, while at its lowest it has no protection at all.
For outdoor heaters you'll want to look for something with high scores across both dust and water ingress if you're looking to put the device in an exposed space. If it is under cover then lower numbers will suffice.
Of course you'll also need to consider the type of heater, and its build in durability. We cover that more in our outdoor heaters guide, but the TLDR is that stainless steel will corrode slower when exposed to the elements. Mild Steel has been making an appearance more and more in heaters (particularly those with matte black finishes), so be warey that it may have a shorter shelf life.